Mapping of Salt Water Intrusion during The Dry and Wet Seasons in The First Coastal Aquifer of Tumpat Kelantan, Malaysia
Abstract
The most prominent threats to the main water resource in north east Kelantan, is
the intrusion of salt water especially in the second aquifer and part of the third aquifer. The
main purpose of this work was to evaluate the salt water intrusion into the first aquifer. It was
investigated using physical and chemical characteristics of ground water, which revealed that.
A range of pH from 4.95 7.63, electrical conductivity (EC) 70 2561 1.21,
and total dissolved solids mg/l. A range of calcium (Ca), sodium (Na), chloride (Cl)
and sulfate (SO4) 1.51 37.41, 2.11 78.92, 2.84 575.2 and 0.92 172.82 mg/L respectively. The
values of Na, Ca, SO4, Cl and EC were decrease gradually from the sea towards inland and vice
versa. A variation in ground water levels between the dry and wet seasons which were in the
range of 1.97 m. Moreover, the freshwater/saltwater interface was located on the
shoreline in the dry season and retreated in the wet season. Generally, the salt water intrusion
was discovered in the first coastal aquifer; however, it has affected a small area. The ground
water in this aquifer is fresh (except the three wells 11, 19 and 20) that considered as salty due
to the high average of chloride, salinity, total dissolved solids, and electrical conductivity.
References
Dept Civil Eng Putra Malaysia University. Serdang Malaysia. 2001; 1-3.
[2] Islami N. Geoelectric method for subsurface profiling comparison. Case study in Tawang and
Sabak area north Kelantan Malaysia Makra Sains 2010; 14: 88-94.
[3] Atta M. Steady state groundwater flow modeling of an ex-landfill site in Kuala Lumpur
Malaysia. American Journal of Environmental Sciences 2015; 348-357.
[4] Björklund G. Water management in developing countries-policy and priorities for EU
development cooperation. SIWI Report 12. Stockholm. 2001.
[5] Abdul N S S. Loke M H. Lee C Y. and Nawawi M N M. Geophysical Prospecting, V48, 2000;
647.[6] Barker R D. In Ward S H. (Ed) .Geotechnical and Environmental Geophysics Environmental
and Groundwater Applications. Society of Exploration Geophysicists. 1990; 2 -245.
[7] Barker R D. The Application of Electrical Tomography in Groundwater Contamination. 1996.
[8] Tawnie I. Sefie A. Yusoff M I H. and Suratman S. Ground water geochemistry characteristic
at Tanjung Mas well field using chemo metric techniques. The 5th AUN/SEED-Net Regional
Conference on Geological Engineering15-16 January 2013; Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
[9] Suratman S. Managing the Groundwater Component in Malaysia. 2004.
[10] https://www.google.com/maps/place/Kelantan 2018.
[11] Mohammad N I. Lioyd A. Grondwater and Environment. Second international
Groundwater conference Kota Bharu University Kebangsaan Malaysia.1990; hlm. 78–90.
[12] Samsudin A R, Haryono ,A, Hamzah. U and Rafek A G. Salinity study of coastal
groundwater aquifers in north Kelantan, Malaysia. Annual GeologicaL Conference 1997;
hlm.41: 159–165. Kuala Lumpur.
[13] Noor I B M. Prefeasibility study of potential groundwater development in Kelantan,
Malaysia. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Birmingham UK. 1979; 33.
[14] Pfeiffer and Tiedemann. Hydrogeological studies and the development of Groundwater in
Ke M ” N ur re our e deve op e u e for S e f Corpor o
Tubingen. Federal republic of Germany. 1986; 24: 72-82.
[15] Pfeiffer D. Chong F S. Groundwater exploration in Kota Bharu Report No.1. The geological
Survey of Malaysia, 1974.
[16] Flathe H. Geoelectric Investigations in Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia 1975; GSD, No. 6.
[17] Samsudin A R, Haryono ,A, Hamzah. U and Rafek A G. Salinity mapping of coastal
groundwater aquifers using hydrogeochemical and geophysical methods a case study from
north Kelantan, Malaysia. 200; 55: 1737–1743.
[18] Heng T E, Singh M. Groundwater supply studies in Northern Kelantan Bulletin of the
Geological Society of Malaysia 1989; 24: 13-26..
[19] Suratman S. Groundwater protection in North Kelantan, Malaysia. An integrated mapping
approach using modeling and GIS . Unpubl. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Newcastle1999.
[20] Haryono A. Management of salt water intrusion in Kelantan. The final project report
MYS289/94:1-.1995; 49.
[21] Organization of W. H.O. Guidelines for Drinking water quality fourth edition, 2011; 26-307
- All contributor(s) agree to transfer the copyright of this article to IOJPH Journal.
- IOJPH Journal will have all the rights to distribute, share, sell, modify this research article with proper reference of the contributors.
- IOJPH Journal will have the right to edit or completely remove the published article on any misconduct happening.
