The impact of some feed additives on behavior, welfare and performance of heat-stressed pigeon squabs.
Keywords:
Fenugreed seeds, MoringaOlifera, Premix and Yeast, pigeon squab, feed additives, performance, behavior
Abstract
This study aimed to assessment the impact of supplementing pigeon squab’s diets with
different feed additives on behavior, performance and some blood parameters during heat
stress. One hundred and forty four, 4 wk-old age, unsexed pigeon squabs were used and
divided in two groups. Thermo natural group squabs (TG) reared in 22 ºC, were fed basal diet,
while heat-stress group reared in 34 ºC, and subdivided into 5 groups; heat-stress group was
allotted to basal diet (HG) and four groups allotted to basal diet supplemented with different
feed additives as natural feed additives (Moringaolifera (H1G) or fenugreek seeds (H2G)) and
chemical feed additives (premix (H3G) or yeast(H4G)). Results showed that, Fenugreed seeds
group (H2G) had more potent effect to alleviate the negative effects of heat stress on squab
behaviors, performance,biochemical parameters and growth hormone, whereas the
Moringaolifera, yeast and premix groups also have beneficial impactin alleviation the negative
effect of heat stress, but less than Fenugreed seeds. In conclusion we could recommended the
usage of 2 % Fenugreed seeds as feed additives to improve pigeon squab behavior,
performance, welfare and biochemical parameters during heat stress condition.
References
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productive, reproductive and digestibility coefficients of laying
hens.Egyptianpoulryscince 27, 199-218.
Abd El-Azeem, F.A.M., 2002. Digeston, Neomycin and yeast supplementation in broiler diets
under Egyptian summer conditions. Egyptian Poulryscince 22, 235:257
Abdul-Rahman S. Y., 2012. Effect of Fenugreek Seeds on Some Physiological Characters in
Broiler Breeders Males.Mesoptamia Journal of Agriculture. 40, 114-121.
AbouKhashaba H.A., and Y.A. Mariey., 2009. Nutritional and management studies on the
pigeon: Effect of different levels of vitamins and minerals premix on productive and
reproductive performance. Egyptian Poultry Scince.29 , 947-969.
Abou-Elezz K. F. M., L.S. Franco, R. S. Ricalde and J.F. Sanchez., 2012. The nutritional effect of
Moringaoleifera fresh leaves as feed supplement on Rhode Island Red hen egg
production and quality. Tropical Animal Health Production 44, 1035–1040.
Adil S., S. Qureshi and R.A. Pattoo., 2015.A Review on Positive Effects of Fenugreek as Feed
Additive in Poultry Production. International Journal of Poultry Science 14 , 664-669.
Al-Azraqi A.A., 2008. Pattern of Leptin Secretion and Oxidative Markers in Heat-Stressed
Pigeons. International Journal of Poultry Science 7 , 1174-1176.
Alloui, N., Ben, S., Alloui, M.N. and Ibrir, F., 2012. Utilization of fenugreek (Trigonellafoenumgraecum) as growth promoter for broiler chickens.Journal World's Poultry.Reserches. 2,
25-27.
Awan, J. A., and S. U. Rahman., 2005.Microbiology Manual.Unitech Communications,
Faisalabad, Pakistan.
Ayah R. H. and S. Mahmoud., 2016.A review on phytochemistry and pharmacological effects of
Trigonellafoenum-graecum.Advanced Herbal Medicine 2, 61-67.
Azouz, H.M.M., 2001. Effect of hot pepper and fenugreek seeds supplementation on broiler
diets. Ph.D.Thesis. Faculty of Agric., Cairo university, Egypt.
Bartlett J. R. and Smith M. O., 2003. Effects of different levels of zinc on the performance and
immunocompetence of broilers under heat stress. Poultry Science. 82, 1580-1588.
Bennett RN, Mellon FA, Foidl N et al., 2003. Profiling glucosinolates and phenolicsin vegetative
and reproductive tissues of the multi-purpose trees Moringaoleifera L. (Horseradish
tree) and Moringastenopetala L. Journal Agriculture FoodChemimestery 51, 3546–
3553.
Benoff FH and Siegel PB., 1976. Genetic analyses of tonic immobility in young Japanese quail
(Coturnixcoturnixjaponica). Animal Learn Behavior 4, 160-162.
Berg, C., and G. S. Sanotra., 2003. Can a modified latency-to-lie test be used to validate gaitscoring results in commercial broilerflocks.AnimalWelfare. 12, 655–659.
Black A.J. and Hughes B., 1974. Patterns of comfort behaviour and activity in domestic fowls: a
comparison between cages and pens. British Veterinary Journal1 30,23-33. (Abstract)
cited by www.cabdirect.org.
Bozakova N., 2008. Ethological aspects of chicken's welfare under different environmental
conditions during summer time. Ecology and Future - Bulgarian Journal of Ecological
Science 7, 29-33.
Bradshaw R H, R D Kirkden and D M. Broom., 2002.A review of the aetiology and pathology of
leg weakness in broilers in relation to welfare.Avian and Poultry Biology Reviews 13,45-
103.
Broca C, Manteghetti M and R.Gross, 2000. 4-Hydroxyisoleucine: effects of synthetic and
natural analogues on insulin secretion.” European Journal of Pharmacology 45,390: 339.
Cheng, T. Guo, and J., Yuan, 2004. Effects of dietary supplementation of Amino Acids complex
Zn, Cu, Mn on laying performance, immunity and antioxidation capacity in tissues. China
Poultry 26, 18–21.
Choudhary D., D. Chandra, S. Choudhary.and R. K kale., 2001. Modulation of
glyoxalase,glutathione S-transferase and antioxidant enzymes in the liver, spleen and
erythrocytes of mice by dietary administration of fenugreek seeds. Food andToxicology
39, 989-997.
EL-kaiaty , A.M.; Soliman, A.Z.M.; and M.S., Hassan., 2002. The physiological and immunological
effects of some natural feed additives in layer hen diets Egyptian poultry Scince
22,175-203.
El-Mallah, G.M., S.A.M. Ibrahim and M.A.Z. Abdo., 2005. Garlic and fenugreek as feed
addatives to different levels of protein and energy in diets of growing turkeys. Egyptian
poultry Scince 25, 911-929.
Fraser,A.F.and R.S Broom., 1990. Animal Behavior and welfare .3rd edition Thomson Litho.Ltd.
Gallup, A. C. and, G.G. JrGallup., 2008. Yawning and thermoregulation.PhysiologyandBehavior.
95, 10–16.
Hassan, M.S.H., 2000. Physiological studies on egg cholesterol and immunity in layers. Ph.D.
thesis, Animal production Dept., Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University.
Hind, A.A., A.A. Saadia and M.E. Khalid., 2013. Effect of Different Natural Feed additives
Compared to Antibiotic on Performance of Broiler Chicks under High Temperature
Environment. Bulletin of Environment, Pharmacology and Life Sciences 2, 139-144.
Hocking P.M.; Hughes S. and R.B. Jones., 1996. Behavioral comparison of layer and broiler fowl:
Measuring fear responses. Applliedanimal behavior scince 49, 321-333.
Jones, R.B., 1996. Fear and adaptability in poultry: insights, implications and imperatives.
World's poultry scincejournal 52, 131-174.
Juniar I, Widodo E, and O Sjofjan., 2008. Effect of Moringaoleifera leaf meal in feed on broiler
production performance.JurnalIlmuilmuPeternakanBrawijaya 18, 238–242.
Kakengi, A.M.V., J.T. Kaijage, S.V. Sarwatt, S.K. Mutayoba, M.N. Shem and T. Fujihara.,
2007.Effect of Moringaoleifera leaf meal as a substitute for sunflower seed meal on
performance of laying hens in Tanzania.International poultry scince journal 9, 363-367.
Kirubakaran A, Moorthy M, R, Chitra, and G Prabakar., 2016. influence of combinations of
fenugreek, garlic, and black pepper powder on production traits of the broilers.”
Veterinary world. 9, 470-474
KoutElkloub, M. EL. Moustafa, Riry, F.H. Shata, Mousa, M.A.M., Hanan, A.H.Alghonimy and S.F
Youssef., 2015. Effect of using Moringaoleifera leaf meal on Performance of japanese
quail. Egyptian Poultry scince 35, 1095-1108.
Kusnadi, E. and F. Rahim., 2009.Performance and plasma triiodothyronine of broilers as result
effects of heat stressed in tropic area. Media Peternakan 32, 155-161.
Luqman S, Srivastava S, Kumar R, Maurya AK, and D.Chanda., 2012. Experimental assessment of
Moringaoleifera leaf and fruit for its antistress, antioxidant and scavenging potential
using In vitro and In vivo assays. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative
Medicine 2012, 1-12.
Mack, L.A.; Felver-Gant, J.N.; Dennis, R.L. and H.W.Cheng., 2013. Genetic variation alter
production and behavioral responses following heat stress in 2 strains of laying hens.
Poultry Scince 2, 285–294.
Magda Elbushra., 2012. Effect of Dietary Fenugreek Seeds (Trigonellafoenum) as Natural Feed
Addition on Broiler Chicks Performance. Journal of Science and Technology 13, 22-25.
Mariey Y.A., 2013. Nutritional and management studies on the pigeon: effect of dietary yeast
supplementation on productive and reproductive performance of pigeon. Egyptian
Poultry Science Journal 33, 349-356.
Mayne, R.K., 2005. A review of the etiology and possible causative factors of food pad
dermatitis in growing turkeys and broilers. World's Poultry Scince Journal. 61,
256–267.
Mazur, W.M., Duke, J.A., Wahala, K., Rasku, S. and H., Adlercreutz., 1998.
Isoflavonoids and lignins in legumes: Nutritional and health aspects in human. Journal
of Nutrition Biochemistry 9, 193-200.
Melesse .A., W. Tiruneh and T. Negesse., 2011. effects of feeding Moringastenopetala leaf meal
on nutrient intake and growth performance of rhode island red chicks under tropical
climate. Tropical and Subtropical Agroecosystems 14, 485- 492.
Metin D., Z. Erdoğan, A. Duru, A. Küçükgül, V. Düzgüner, D. Alpaslan and A.Şahin., 2013. Effect
of Seed Powder of a Herbal Legume Fenugreek (Trigonellafoenum-graceum L.) on
Growth Performance, Body Components,Digestive Parts, and Blood Parameters of
Broiler Chicks. Pakistan Journal Zoololgy 45, 1007-1014.
Mousa, A.M., Osman, AS, Hala A. 2017." Performance, immunology and biochemical
parameters of Moringa oleifera and/or Cichorium intybus addition to broiler chicken
ration " Journal of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health (JVMAH), ISSN: 2141-2529 ,
Volume 9, Issue 10, , 255-263.
Nadia, M.A., 2003. A study of some physiological, productive and reproductive parameters of
Japanese quail under stress condition.PhD.thesis Department of poultry production
.Faculty of Agriculture, El- Fayoum.Cairo University.
National Research Council (NRC.).,1994. Nutrient requirements of poultry 9 Rev. Ed.National
Academy th Press, Washington, D.C., USA
Neetu P., N. Pant, J.P. Singh, and S. Agrawal., 2014.Antioxidant activity of
TrigonellafoenumgraecumL.using various in vitro models. International Journal of Herbal
Medicine 2, 53-57.
Olugbemi, T. S., Mutayoba, S. K. and F. P.Lekule., 2010.Moringa oleiferaleaf meal as a
hypocholesterolemic agent in laying hen diets.LivestockResearch for Rural Development
22, 1-6.
Onunkwo, D.N and O. S George., 2015.Effects of MoringaOleifera Leaf Meal on the Growth
Performance and Carcass Characteristics of Broiler Birds. Journal of
Agriculture and Veterinary Science 8, 63-66.
Pereira DF, Naas A., Salgado DA, and B. C. Gaspar CR and N.LJ.Penha., 2007. Correlations among
behavior, Performance and Environment in Broiler Breeders using Multivariate Analysis.
Brazilian Journal of Poultry Science, 9 ,207-213.
Pereira, D.F.; Nääs, I.A.; Romanini, C.E.B.; Salgado, D.D.; G.O.T Pereira., 2005.Welfare pointers
in function of behavior reactions of broiler breeders. EngenhariaAgrícolaJaboticabal
25,.308-314.
Qureshi, S., M.T. Banday, S. Adil, I. Shakeel and Z.H. Munshi., 2015.Effect of dandelion leaves
and fenugreek seeds with or without enzyme addition on performance and blood
biochemistry of broiler chicken and evaluation of their in vitro antibacterial activity.The
Indian journal of animal sciences 85, 1248-1254.
Rima Hatoum, S. Labrie and F, Ismail., 2012. Antimicrobial and probiotic properties of yeasts:
from fundamental to novel applications. Frontiers in Microbiology Volume 3, 421-428
Sahar M. Kheir, Kafi S K and E. Haitham., 2014.The antimicrobial activity and phytochemical
characteristic of Moringaoleifera seeds, leaves, and flowers.World Journal of
Pharmaceutical Research. 4, 258-271.
Schoonheere, O. Dotreppe, J. Pincemail, L. I stasse and J. L. Hornick., 2009.Dietary
incorporation of feedstuffs naturally high in organic selenium for racing pigeons
(Columba livia): effects on plasma antioxidant markers after a standardized simulation
of a flyingeffort. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition 93, 325–330.
Soleimani A.F., Kasim A., A.R Alimon and I. Zulkifli., 2008. Durability of induced heat
tolerance by short term heat challenge at broilers marketing age. Pakistan journal of
biology sciences 11 , 2163-2166.
Spiteri, N, J., 1975. Social especially agonistic behavior in the pigeon. Durham theses, Durham
University.” at: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/8902/
SPSS., 2001.SPSS user’s guide statistics Version 10. Copyright SPSS Inc., USA.
SpudeitW.Anderson, N. S. Sulzbach, M. de A. Bittencourt,A.M. Duarte, H. Liang, C.Oliveira, and
J.M.-Neto.,2013. The behavioral satiety sequence in pigeons (Columba livia).Description
and development of a method for quantitative analysis.Physiology and Behavior 122,
62–71.
Tariq Mamoun, M. A. Mukhtar and M. H Tabidi., 2014. Effect of fenugreek seed powder on the
performance, carcass characteristics and some blood serum attributes. Advance
Research in Agriculture and Veterinary Science 1, 6-11.
Yatoo, M.A., R.K. Sharma and N. Khan., 2012.Effect of Fenugreek and Black Cumin seeds as Feed
Additives on Blood Biochemical Profile and Performance of Broilers.Indian Journal of
Animal Nutrition 29, 174- 178.
Zhang, A. W., B. D. Lee, S. K. Lee, K. W. Lee, G. H. An, K. B.Song, and C. H. Lee., 2005. Effects of
yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) cell components on growth performance, meat
quality, and ileal mucosa development of broiler chicks. Poultry Scince 84, 1015–1021.
productive, reproductive and digestibility coefficients of laying
hens.Egyptianpoulryscince 27, 199-218.
Abd El-Azeem, F.A.M., 2002. Digeston, Neomycin and yeast supplementation in broiler diets
under Egyptian summer conditions. Egyptian Poulryscince 22, 235:257
Abdul-Rahman S. Y., 2012. Effect of Fenugreek Seeds on Some Physiological Characters in
Broiler Breeders Males.Mesoptamia Journal of Agriculture. 40, 114-121.
AbouKhashaba H.A., and Y.A. Mariey., 2009. Nutritional and management studies on the
pigeon: Effect of different levels of vitamins and minerals premix on productive and
reproductive performance. Egyptian Poultry Scince.29 , 947-969.
Abou-Elezz K. F. M., L.S. Franco, R. S. Ricalde and J.F. Sanchez., 2012. The nutritional effect of
Moringaoleifera fresh leaves as feed supplement on Rhode Island Red hen egg
production and quality. Tropical Animal Health Production 44, 1035–1040.
Adil S., S. Qureshi and R.A. Pattoo., 2015.A Review on Positive Effects of Fenugreek as Feed
Additive in Poultry Production. International Journal of Poultry Science 14 , 664-669.
Al-Azraqi A.A., 2008. Pattern of Leptin Secretion and Oxidative Markers in Heat-Stressed
Pigeons. International Journal of Poultry Science 7 , 1174-1176.
Alloui, N., Ben, S., Alloui, M.N. and Ibrir, F., 2012. Utilization of fenugreek (Trigonellafoenumgraecum) as growth promoter for broiler chickens.Journal World's Poultry.Reserches. 2,
25-27.
Awan, J. A., and S. U. Rahman., 2005.Microbiology Manual.Unitech Communications,
Faisalabad, Pakistan.
Ayah R. H. and S. Mahmoud., 2016.A review on phytochemistry and pharmacological effects of
Trigonellafoenum-graecum.Advanced Herbal Medicine 2, 61-67.
Azouz, H.M.M., 2001. Effect of hot pepper and fenugreek seeds supplementation on broiler
diets. Ph.D.Thesis. Faculty of Agric., Cairo university, Egypt.
Bartlett J. R. and Smith M. O., 2003. Effects of different levels of zinc on the performance and
immunocompetence of broilers under heat stress. Poultry Science. 82, 1580-1588.
Bennett RN, Mellon FA, Foidl N et al., 2003. Profiling glucosinolates and phenolicsin vegetative
and reproductive tissues of the multi-purpose trees Moringaoleifera L. (Horseradish
tree) and Moringastenopetala L. Journal Agriculture FoodChemimestery 51, 3546–
3553.
Benoff FH and Siegel PB., 1976. Genetic analyses of tonic immobility in young Japanese quail
(Coturnixcoturnixjaponica). Animal Learn Behavior 4, 160-162.
Berg, C., and G. S. Sanotra., 2003. Can a modified latency-to-lie test be used to validate gaitscoring results in commercial broilerflocks.AnimalWelfare. 12, 655–659.
Black A.J. and Hughes B., 1974. Patterns of comfort behaviour and activity in domestic fowls: a
comparison between cages and pens. British Veterinary Journal1 30,23-33. (Abstract)
cited by www.cabdirect.org.
Bozakova N., 2008. Ethological aspects of chicken's welfare under different environmental
conditions during summer time. Ecology and Future - Bulgarian Journal of Ecological
Science 7, 29-33.
Bradshaw R H, R D Kirkden and D M. Broom., 2002.A review of the aetiology and pathology of
leg weakness in broilers in relation to welfare.Avian and Poultry Biology Reviews 13,45-
103.
Broca C, Manteghetti M and R.Gross, 2000. 4-Hydroxyisoleucine: effects of synthetic and
natural analogues on insulin secretion.” European Journal of Pharmacology 45,390: 339.
Cheng, T. Guo, and J., Yuan, 2004. Effects of dietary supplementation of Amino Acids complex
Zn, Cu, Mn on laying performance, immunity and antioxidation capacity in tissues. China
Poultry 26, 18–21.
Choudhary D., D. Chandra, S. Choudhary.and R. K kale., 2001. Modulation of
glyoxalase,glutathione S-transferase and antioxidant enzymes in the liver, spleen and
erythrocytes of mice by dietary administration of fenugreek seeds. Food andToxicology
39, 989-997.
EL-kaiaty , A.M.; Soliman, A.Z.M.; and M.S., Hassan., 2002. The physiological and immunological
effects of some natural feed additives in layer hen diets Egyptian poultry Scince
22,175-203.
El-Mallah, G.M., S.A.M. Ibrahim and M.A.Z. Abdo., 2005. Garlic and fenugreek as feed
addatives to different levels of protein and energy in diets of growing turkeys. Egyptian
poultry Scince 25, 911-929.
Fraser,A.F.and R.S Broom., 1990. Animal Behavior and welfare .3rd edition Thomson Litho.Ltd.
Gallup, A. C. and, G.G. JrGallup., 2008. Yawning and thermoregulation.PhysiologyandBehavior.
95, 10–16.
Hassan, M.S.H., 2000. Physiological studies on egg cholesterol and immunity in layers. Ph.D.
thesis, Animal production Dept., Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University.
Hind, A.A., A.A. Saadia and M.E. Khalid., 2013. Effect of Different Natural Feed additives
Compared to Antibiotic on Performance of Broiler Chicks under High Temperature
Environment. Bulletin of Environment, Pharmacology and Life Sciences 2, 139-144.
Hocking P.M.; Hughes S. and R.B. Jones., 1996. Behavioral comparison of layer and broiler fowl:
Measuring fear responses. Applliedanimal behavior scince 49, 321-333.
Jones, R.B., 1996. Fear and adaptability in poultry: insights, implications and imperatives.
World's poultry scincejournal 52, 131-174.
Juniar I, Widodo E, and O Sjofjan., 2008. Effect of Moringaoleifera leaf meal in feed on broiler
production performance.JurnalIlmuilmuPeternakanBrawijaya 18, 238–242.
Kakengi, A.M.V., J.T. Kaijage, S.V. Sarwatt, S.K. Mutayoba, M.N. Shem and T. Fujihara.,
2007.Effect of Moringaoleifera leaf meal as a substitute for sunflower seed meal on
performance of laying hens in Tanzania.International poultry scince journal 9, 363-367.
Kirubakaran A, Moorthy M, R, Chitra, and G Prabakar., 2016. influence of combinations of
fenugreek, garlic, and black pepper powder on production traits of the broilers.”
Veterinary world. 9, 470-474
KoutElkloub, M. EL. Moustafa, Riry, F.H. Shata, Mousa, M.A.M., Hanan, A.H.Alghonimy and S.F
Youssef., 2015. Effect of using Moringaoleifera leaf meal on Performance of japanese
quail. Egyptian Poultry scince 35, 1095-1108.
Kusnadi, E. and F. Rahim., 2009.Performance and plasma triiodothyronine of broilers as result
effects of heat stressed in tropic area. Media Peternakan 32, 155-161.
Luqman S, Srivastava S, Kumar R, Maurya AK, and D.Chanda., 2012. Experimental assessment of
Moringaoleifera leaf and fruit for its antistress, antioxidant and scavenging potential
using In vitro and In vivo assays. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative
Medicine 2012, 1-12.
Mack, L.A.; Felver-Gant, J.N.; Dennis, R.L. and H.W.Cheng., 2013. Genetic variation alter
production and behavioral responses following heat stress in 2 strains of laying hens.
Poultry Scince 2, 285–294.
Magda Elbushra., 2012. Effect of Dietary Fenugreek Seeds (Trigonellafoenum) as Natural Feed
Addition on Broiler Chicks Performance. Journal of Science and Technology 13, 22-25.
Mariey Y.A., 2013. Nutritional and management studies on the pigeon: effect of dietary yeast
supplementation on productive and reproductive performance of pigeon. Egyptian
Poultry Science Journal 33, 349-356.
Mayne, R.K., 2005. A review of the etiology and possible causative factors of food pad
dermatitis in growing turkeys and broilers. World's Poultry Scince Journal. 61,
256–267.
Mazur, W.M., Duke, J.A., Wahala, K., Rasku, S. and H., Adlercreutz., 1998.
Isoflavonoids and lignins in legumes: Nutritional and health aspects in human. Journal
of Nutrition Biochemistry 9, 193-200.
Melesse .A., W. Tiruneh and T. Negesse., 2011. effects of feeding Moringastenopetala leaf meal
on nutrient intake and growth performance of rhode island red chicks under tropical
climate. Tropical and Subtropical Agroecosystems 14, 485- 492.
Metin D., Z. Erdoğan, A. Duru, A. Küçükgül, V. Düzgüner, D. Alpaslan and A.Şahin., 2013. Effect
of Seed Powder of a Herbal Legume Fenugreek (Trigonellafoenum-graceum L.) on
Growth Performance, Body Components,Digestive Parts, and Blood Parameters of
Broiler Chicks. Pakistan Journal Zoololgy 45, 1007-1014.
Mousa, A.M., Osman, AS, Hala A. 2017." Performance, immunology and biochemical
parameters of Moringa oleifera and/or Cichorium intybus addition to broiler chicken
ration " Journal of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health (JVMAH), ISSN: 2141-2529 ,
Volume 9, Issue 10, , 255-263.
Nadia, M.A., 2003. A study of some physiological, productive and reproductive parameters of
Japanese quail under stress condition.PhD.thesis Department of poultry production
.Faculty of Agriculture, El- Fayoum.Cairo University.
National Research Council (NRC.).,1994. Nutrient requirements of poultry 9 Rev. Ed.National
Academy th Press, Washington, D.C., USA
Neetu P., N. Pant, J.P. Singh, and S. Agrawal., 2014.Antioxidant activity of
TrigonellafoenumgraecumL.using various in vitro models. International Journal of Herbal
Medicine 2, 53-57.
Olugbemi, T. S., Mutayoba, S. K. and F. P.Lekule., 2010.Moringa oleiferaleaf meal as a
hypocholesterolemic agent in laying hen diets.LivestockResearch for Rural Development
22, 1-6.
Onunkwo, D.N and O. S George., 2015.Effects of MoringaOleifera Leaf Meal on the Growth
Performance and Carcass Characteristics of Broiler Birds. Journal of
Agriculture and Veterinary Science 8, 63-66.
Pereira DF, Naas A., Salgado DA, and B. C. Gaspar CR and N.LJ.Penha., 2007. Correlations among
behavior, Performance and Environment in Broiler Breeders using Multivariate Analysis.
Brazilian Journal of Poultry Science, 9 ,207-213.
Pereira, D.F.; Nääs, I.A.; Romanini, C.E.B.; Salgado, D.D.; G.O.T Pereira., 2005.Welfare pointers
in function of behavior reactions of broiler breeders. EngenhariaAgrícolaJaboticabal
25,.308-314.
Qureshi, S., M.T. Banday, S. Adil, I. Shakeel and Z.H. Munshi., 2015.Effect of dandelion leaves
and fenugreek seeds with or without enzyme addition on performance and blood
biochemistry of broiler chicken and evaluation of their in vitro antibacterial activity.The
Indian journal of animal sciences 85, 1248-1254.
Rima Hatoum, S. Labrie and F, Ismail., 2012. Antimicrobial and probiotic properties of yeasts:
from fundamental to novel applications. Frontiers in Microbiology Volume 3, 421-428
Sahar M. Kheir, Kafi S K and E. Haitham., 2014.The antimicrobial activity and phytochemical
characteristic of Moringaoleifera seeds, leaves, and flowers.World Journal of
Pharmaceutical Research. 4, 258-271.
Schoonheere, O. Dotreppe, J. Pincemail, L. I stasse and J. L. Hornick., 2009.Dietary
incorporation of feedstuffs naturally high in organic selenium for racing pigeons
(Columba livia): effects on plasma antioxidant markers after a standardized simulation
of a flyingeffort. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition 93, 325–330.
Soleimani A.F., Kasim A., A.R Alimon and I. Zulkifli., 2008. Durability of induced heat
tolerance by short term heat challenge at broilers marketing age. Pakistan journal of
biology sciences 11 , 2163-2166.
Spiteri, N, J., 1975. Social especially agonistic behavior in the pigeon. Durham theses, Durham
University.” at: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/8902/
SPSS., 2001.SPSS user’s guide statistics Version 10. Copyright SPSS Inc., USA.
SpudeitW.Anderson, N. S. Sulzbach, M. de A. Bittencourt,A.M. Duarte, H. Liang, C.Oliveira, and
J.M.-Neto.,2013. The behavioral satiety sequence in pigeons (Columba livia).Description
and development of a method for quantitative analysis.Physiology and Behavior 122,
62–71.
Tariq Mamoun, M. A. Mukhtar and M. H Tabidi., 2014. Effect of fenugreek seed powder on the
performance, carcass characteristics and some blood serum attributes. Advance
Research in Agriculture and Veterinary Science 1, 6-11.
Yatoo, M.A., R.K. Sharma and N. Khan., 2012.Effect of Fenugreek and Black Cumin seeds as Feed
Additives on Blood Biochemical Profile and Performance of Broilers.Indian Journal of
Animal Nutrition 29, 174- 178.
Zhang, A. W., B. D. Lee, S. K. Lee, K. W. Lee, G. H. An, K. B.Song, and C. H. Lee., 2005. Effects of
yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) cell components on growth performance, meat
quality, and ileal mucosa development of broiler chicks. Poultry Scince 84, 1015–1021.
Published
2018-10-31
How to Cite
El Shoukary, R. D., & A. Mousa, M. (2018). The impact of some feed additives on behavior, welfare and performance of heat-stressed pigeon squabs. IOJPH - International Open Journal of Applied Science, 1(1), 15-29. Retrieved from http://iojph.com/index.php/as/article/view/7
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