Factors in association with use or non use of ITNs In Rural Cameroon: case of Upper Muea
Keywords:
Malaria,, Malaria Prevention, ITNs, Use, Non Use of ITNs, , other implicating Factors
Abstract
Background: Insecticide treated nets (ITNs) remains the instrument of choice for malaria
prevention in Cameroon. However, the diversity of Africa and most especially the West African
sub-region have attributed the use of ITNs to some socio-demographic and cultural contexts.
Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate and assess some demographics, social
and cultural factors that affect the use of ITNs in rural Cameroon.
Methods: A multistage sampling technique was used to recruit participants into the study. A
questionnaire was then administered to a single household individual with at least a biological
child and/or is ≥18yrs of age in these quarters as well as an interview guide used for opinion
leaders. Information on demographic variables, socio-cultural factors associated to ITN
utilization was recorded.
References
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seasonal variation in the parasitological indices of transmission. Ann Trop Med
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Alaii JA, , Van den Borne HW, Kachur WA, Nahlen BL, Mwenesi H, Vulule JM, Hawley WA,
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permethrin-treated bednets for malaria control during a randomized control trial in
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Anil prakash, P.K Mohapatra, D.R.Bhattachary, S.A.Khan, B.K.Goswami and J.Mahanta. (2001)
Acceptability and practice of mosquito bed net use among hilly tribes of north-east
india.Kamla-Raj. J.Hum.Ecol. 12(6):405-411.
Asa Auta.(2012) Demographic Factors Associated with Insecticide Treated Net use Among
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Cohee L, Mills LA, Kagaayi J, Jacobs I, Galiwango R, Ludigo J, Ssekasanvu J, Reynolds SJ.(2009):
High retention and appropriate use of insecticide-treated nets distributed to HIVaffected households in Rakai, Uganda: results from interviews and home visits. Malar
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bednet use among children and pregnant women across 15 countries using
standardized national surveys. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 80:209–214
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Mwizamholya.(2011): Reported knowledge, attitudes and practices regarding malaria
and mosquito net use among women seeking antenatal care in south-western
Tanzania. Tanzania Journal of Health Research. Volume 13. Number 3, July 2011.
Gillett JD. (1985); The behaviour of Homo sapiens, the forgotten factor in the transmission of
tropical disease. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hygiene. 79:12–20
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Wolkon A, Reithinger R, Emerson MP, Richards OF. (2011) Factors associated with
mosquito net use by individuals in households owning nets in Ethiopia. Malar J.
2011;10:354.
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(PDF). Bulletin of the World Health Organization 79: 998.
Helen KK, Sarah BN, Judith LN, Irene UN, Julius A, Mary Bi SA. (2014): Socio-demographic factors
influencing the ownership and utilization of insecticide-treated bed nets among
malaria vulnerable groups in the Buea Health District, Cameroon. BMC Research Notes
7:624.DOI: 10.1186/1756-0500-7-624.
Jamison, Dean T. (2006): “Disease control priorities in developing countries”. 2nd ed. New York:
Oxford University Press. ISBN: 0-8213-6180- p423.
Jones CO, Williams HA.(2004): The social burden of malaria: what are we measuring? Am J Trop
Med Hyg. 71:156–61.
Justin Pulford, Manuel W Hetzel, Miranda Bryant, Peter M Siba and Ivo Mueller.(2011):
Reported reasons for not using a mosquito net when one is available: a review of the
published literature.Malaria Journal. 10:83. DOI: 10.1186/1475-2875-10-83.
Kathleen TG, Nick P, Frances A, and Dai D. (2011): An exploratory qualitative study on
perceptions about mosquito bed nets in the Niger Delta: what are the barriers to
sustained use? J Multidiscip Healthc 4:73-83.
Kodom A. M. (2014): Usage and effectiveness of mosquito treated bed net by pregnant women
and children in preventing malaria in Shai-Osudoku district in Greater Accra region of
Ghana.Peak Journal of Public Health and Management Vol. 2(2), pp. 35-41. Availale
from http://www.peakjournals.org/sub-journals-PJPHM .html (accessed12th
December,2016).
Laurence F., Micheal P., Washburn., Dale J., Raine. (2002) Nature: A proteomic view of the
plasmodium falciparum life cycle. Vol 419:520-526.Available online at:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v419/n6906/pdf/nature01107.pdf. [Viewed
June 4th 2016]
Lauretta Ovadje.(2014) Adherence To The Use Of Insecticide-Treated Bed Nets By Nigerian
Children.
Louis H. Miller, Dror I., Baruch, Kevin M., & Ogobara K., Doumbo. (2002)“Pathogenic basis of
malaria”.Nature International Weekly Journal Of Science. 415,673-679. (DOI:
10.1038/415673a).
Louis PJ, Le Goff G, Trebucq A, Migliani R, Louis JF, Robert V, Carnavale P. (1992): Feasibilité de
la stratégie de lute par moustiquaires imprégnées d'insecticides rémanent en zone
rurale au Cameroun. Ann Soc Belge Med Trop. 72(3):189–195. [PubMed]
MacCormack CP, Snow RW. (1986): Gambian cultural preferences in the use of insecticideimpregnated bed nets. J Trop Med Hyg. 89: 295-302.
Malaria RB: Malaria Indicator Survey: Basic documentation for survey design and
implementation. 2005, Calverton MD: RBM Monitoring and Evaluation Research
Group, WHO, UNICEF, Measure Evaluation, US Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention.
Miller L., and Milon G. (1994) Science: “Malaria Pathogenesis”, Vol. 264 No. 5167 pp1878-1883.
Mosby’s Dental Dictionary, 2ndedition, 2008
National Malaria Control Program (2008)Guidelines for Management of Malaria: Intended for
health Personnel. Edition 2008.
Ndjinga K Julies, Minakawa Noboru. (2010): The importance of education to increase the use of
bed nets in villages outside of Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo. Malar J.
p2:279.
Noor AM Mutheu JJ, Tatem AJ, Hay S, Snow RW.(2009a) Insecticide-treated net coverage in
Africa: mapping progress in 2000-07. Lancet.2009, 373:58–67
Nsungwa-Sabiiti J, Tomson G, Pariyo G, Ogwal-Okeng J, Peterson S.(2005) Community
effectiveness of malaria treatment in Uganda – a long to Abuja targets. Ann Trop
Paediatr 2005; 25:91-100.
Raymond Babila Nyasa, Denis Zofou, Helen Kuokuo Kimbi, Karin Mbei Kum, Roland C. Ngu, and
Vincent P. K. Titanji. (2015).The current status of malaria epidemiology in Bolifamba,
atypical Cameroonian rainforest zone: an assessment of intervention strategies and
seasonal variations. Available from;
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4636784/[accessed 7th December,
2016]
Snow S.W, Roman K.M, Lindsay S.W, and Greenwood B.M. (1988): a trial of bed nets (mosquito
nets) as a malaria control strategy in a rural area of the Gambia, West Africa.
Transaction of the Royal society of medicine and hygiene 82, 212-215
Songue E, Tagne C, Mbouyap P, Essomba P, Moyou Somo R. (2013): Epidemiology of Malaria in
three Geo-Ecological Zones along the Chad-Cameroon Pipeline. AJEID 1(4):27–33.
Terence Bengyela Nwana.(2011): Knowledge and utilization of insecticide treated nets to
prevent malaria in Cameroon (a case of the mount fako region).final.+final. Blackboard
2011.Pg104-144.
Thomson M, Connor S, Bennett S, D'Alessandro U, Milligan P, Aikins M, Langerock P, Jawara M,
Greenwood B. (1996): Geographical perspectives on bednet use and malaria
transmission in the Gambia, West Africa. Soc Sci Med. 43: 101-112. DOI: 10.1016/0277-
9536(95)00346-0.
UNICEF, (2014), “Guidelines for the management of malaria in Cameroon”, Geneva.
World Health Organization (2002a): RBM Technical Support Network for ITNs; Scaling Up
Insecticide Treated Netting Progammes for Africa: A Strategic Framework for
Coordinating National Action. WHO. RBM, Geneva.
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other materials for personal protection and control of vector borne disease. J.
parasitic, Dis., 21: 123-130
Region, Ghana. J Biosoc Sci. 31: 79-92. DOI: 10.1017/S0021932099000796.
Aikins M.K., Pickering H.A., Alonso P.L., D’Alessandro U., Lindsay S.W., Todd J. and Greenwood
B.M.(1994) Perceptions of the causes of malaria and of its treatmentand prevention in
the study area. Transaction of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 87
(suppl.2):25-30.
Akenji TN, Ntonifor NN, Kimbi HK, Abongwa EL, Ching JK, Ndukum MB, Anong DN, Nkwescheu
A, Songmbe M, Boyo MG, Ndamukong KN, Titanji VPK. (2005) The epidemiology of
malaria in Bolifamba, a rural community on the eastern slopes of Mount Cameroon:
seasonal variation in the parasitological indices of transmission. Ann Trop Med
Parasitol99(3):221–227.
Alaii JA, , Van den Borne HW, Kachur WA, Nahlen BL, Mwenesi H, Vulule JM, Hawley WA,
Nahlen BL, Phillips-Howard PA. (2003) A community reactions to the introduction of
permethrin-treated bednets for malaria control during a randomized control trial in
Western Kenya. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 68:128-136 [accessed 26th March, 2017].
Anil prakash, P.K Mohapatra, D.R.Bhattachary, S.A.Khan, B.K.Goswami and J.Mahanta. (2001)
Acceptability and practice of mosquito bed net use among hilly tribes of north-east
india.Kamla-Raj. J.Hum.Ecol. 12(6):405-411.
Asa Auta.(2012) Demographic Factors Associated with Insecticide Treated Net use Among
Nigerian Women and Children. N Am J Med Sci 4(1): 40–44. Available at;
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/pmc3289489/[accessed 26th March, 2017]
Atenchong Ngwibete, Ozims James. (2016): Attitudes Towards Utilization Of Insecticide-Treated
Bed Nets Among Pregnant Women And Care-Takers Of Under-Five. file:///d:\searches
on the 7thnov/Attitudes toward utilization of insecticide-treated bed nets.htm
[Accessed 9th July, 2016]
Bradley A.K, Greenwood B.M, Greenwood A.M, Marsi K, Bypass P., Tulloch S and Hates R.
(1986) Bednets (mosquito nets) and morbidity from malaria. Lancetii, 204-207
Brieger WR, Onyido AE, Sexton JD, Ezike VI, Breman JG, Ekanem OJ. (1996) Monitoring
community response to malaria control using insecticide-impregnated bed nets,
curtains and residual spray at Nsukka, Nigeria. Health Educ Res. Vol11: Pg133-145.
Cameroon Coalition Against Malaria (CCAM) and Center For Development And Best Practices in
Health (CDBPH).Policy brief on scaling up malaria control interventions in Cameroon.
Available at: www.who.int/alliance- hpsr/.../alliancehpsr_policybriefscalingupm
alariacameroon.pdf[accessed 4th January,2017].
Cameroon Coalition Against Malaria 2010, Malaria Indicators in the Obala Health District,
Yaounde. . [Accessed 9th June, 2017]
Cameroon malaria primary report [PR13] (in French) 2011 Available online
at:http://www.measuredhs.com/pubs/pdf/PR13/PR13.pdf. [Accessed 16th jan, 2017]
Chuma J, Okungu V, Ntwiga J, Molyneux C. (2010): Towards achieving Abuja targets: identifying
and addressing barriers to access and use of insecticides treated nets among the
poorest populations in Kenya. BMC Public Health 10: p137.
Cohee L, Mills LA, Kagaayi J, Jacobs I, Galiwango R, Ludigo J, Ssekasanvu J, Reynolds SJ.(2009):
High retention and appropriate use of insecticide-treated nets distributed to HIVaffected households in Rakai, Uganda: results from interviews and home visits. Malar
J.2009, 8:76-10. DOI: 1186/1475-2875-8-76. [Accessed 17th Jan, 2017]
Curtis CF, Jana-Kara B, Maxwell CA. (2003) Insecticide treated nets: impact on vector
populations and relevance of initial intensity of transmission and pyrethroid resistance.
J Vector Borne Dis.40:1–8.
Das ML, Singh SP, Vanlerberghe V, Rijal S, Rai M, Karki P, Sundar S, Boelaert M. (2007)
Population preference of net texture prior to bed net trial in Kala-Azar-endemic areas.
PLoS Negl Trop Dis.PubMed Central[accessed 14th Aug 2016].
Dunn CE, Le Mare A, Makungu C. (2011) Malaria risk behaviours, socio-cultural practices and
rural livelihoods in southern Tanzania: implications for bednet usage. Soc Sci Med. 72:
408-417.
Eisele TP, Keating J, Littrel M, Larsen D, Macintyre K. (2009) Assessment of insecticide-treated
bednet use among children and pregnant women across 15 countries using
standardized national surveys. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 80:209–214
Emily Lewis and Charlotte Didlake (2010) Malicious Malaria. Microbiologic
spring[online]Available from:
http://www.cbu.edu/~seisen/malariaLifecycle02.gif[Accessed 17th March, 2017]
Emmanuela E. Ambrose, Humphrey D. Mazigo, Jorg Heukelbach, Oscar Gabone and Damas L.
Mwizamholya.(2011): Reported knowledge, attitudes and practices regarding malaria
and mosquito net use among women seeking antenatal care in south-western
Tanzania. Tanzania Journal of Health Research. Volume 13. Number 3, July 2011.
Gillett JD. (1985); The behaviour of Homo sapiens, the forgotten factor in the transmission of
tropical disease. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hygiene. 79:12–20
Graves ng J, Getachew A, Gebre T, Mosher W Aryc, Patterson E Amy, Shargie B E, Zerihun T,
Wolkon A, Reithinger R, Emerson MP, Richards OF. (2011) Factors associated with
mosquito net use by individuals in households owning nets in Ethiopia. Malar J.
2011;10:354.
Guillet, P. (2001). Long-lasting treated mosquito nets: A breakthrough in malaria prevention
(PDF). Bulletin of the World Health Organization 79: 998.
Helen KK, Sarah BN, Judith LN, Irene UN, Julius A, Mary Bi SA. (2014): Socio-demographic factors
influencing the ownership and utilization of insecticide-treated bed nets among
malaria vulnerable groups in the Buea Health District, Cameroon. BMC Research Notes
7:624.DOI: 10.1186/1756-0500-7-624.
Jamison, Dean T. (2006): “Disease control priorities in developing countries”. 2nd ed. New York:
Oxford University Press. ISBN: 0-8213-6180- p423.
Jones CO, Williams HA.(2004): The social burden of malaria: what are we measuring? Am J Trop
Med Hyg. 71:156–61.
Justin Pulford, Manuel W Hetzel, Miranda Bryant, Peter M Siba and Ivo Mueller.(2011):
Reported reasons for not using a mosquito net when one is available: a review of the
published literature.Malaria Journal. 10:83. DOI: 10.1186/1475-2875-10-83.
Kathleen TG, Nick P, Frances A, and Dai D. (2011): An exploratory qualitative study on
perceptions about mosquito bed nets in the Niger Delta: what are the barriers to
sustained use? J Multidiscip Healthc 4:73-83.
Kodom A. M. (2014): Usage and effectiveness of mosquito treated bed net by pregnant women
and children in preventing malaria in Shai-Osudoku district in Greater Accra region of
Ghana.Peak Journal of Public Health and Management Vol. 2(2), pp. 35-41. Availale
from http://www.peakjournals.org/sub-journals-PJPHM .html (accessed12th
December,2016).
Laurence F., Micheal P., Washburn., Dale J., Raine. (2002) Nature: A proteomic view of the
plasmodium falciparum life cycle. Vol 419:520-526.Available online at:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v419/n6906/pdf/nature01107.pdf. [Viewed
June 4th 2016]
Lauretta Ovadje.(2014) Adherence To The Use Of Insecticide-Treated Bed Nets By Nigerian
Children.
Louis H. Miller, Dror I., Baruch, Kevin M., & Ogobara K., Doumbo. (2002)“Pathogenic basis of
malaria”.Nature International Weekly Journal Of Science. 415,673-679. (DOI:
10.1038/415673a).
Louis PJ, Le Goff G, Trebucq A, Migliani R, Louis JF, Robert V, Carnavale P. (1992): Feasibilité de
la stratégie de lute par moustiquaires imprégnées d'insecticides rémanent en zone
rurale au Cameroun. Ann Soc Belge Med Trop. 72(3):189–195. [PubMed]
MacCormack CP, Snow RW. (1986): Gambian cultural preferences in the use of insecticideimpregnated bed nets. J Trop Med Hyg. 89: 295-302.
Malaria RB: Malaria Indicator Survey: Basic documentation for survey design and
implementation. 2005, Calverton MD: RBM Monitoring and Evaluation Research
Group, WHO, UNICEF, Measure Evaluation, US Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention.
Miller L., and Milon G. (1994) Science: “Malaria Pathogenesis”, Vol. 264 No. 5167 pp1878-1883.
Mosby’s Dental Dictionary, 2ndedition, 2008
National Malaria Control Program (2008)Guidelines for Management of Malaria: Intended for
health Personnel. Edition 2008.
Ndjinga K Julies, Minakawa Noboru. (2010): The importance of education to increase the use of
bed nets in villages outside of Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo. Malar J.
p2:279.
Noor AM Mutheu JJ, Tatem AJ, Hay S, Snow RW.(2009a) Insecticide-treated net coverage in
Africa: mapping progress in 2000-07. Lancet.2009, 373:58–67
Nsungwa-Sabiiti J, Tomson G, Pariyo G, Ogwal-Okeng J, Peterson S.(2005) Community
effectiveness of malaria treatment in Uganda – a long to Abuja targets. Ann Trop
Paediatr 2005; 25:91-100.
Raymond Babila Nyasa, Denis Zofou, Helen Kuokuo Kimbi, Karin Mbei Kum, Roland C. Ngu, and
Vincent P. K. Titanji. (2015).The current status of malaria epidemiology in Bolifamba,
atypical Cameroonian rainforest zone: an assessment of intervention strategies and
seasonal variations. Available from;
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4636784/[accessed 7th December,
2016]
Snow S.W, Roman K.M, Lindsay S.W, and Greenwood B.M. (1988): a trial of bed nets (mosquito
nets) as a malaria control strategy in a rural area of the Gambia, West Africa.
Transaction of the Royal society of medicine and hygiene 82, 212-215
Songue E, Tagne C, Mbouyap P, Essomba P, Moyou Somo R. (2013): Epidemiology of Malaria in
three Geo-Ecological Zones along the Chad-Cameroon Pipeline. AJEID 1(4):27–33.
Terence Bengyela Nwana.(2011): Knowledge and utilization of insecticide treated nets to
prevent malaria in Cameroon (a case of the mount fako region).final.+final. Blackboard
2011.Pg104-144.
Thomson M, Connor S, Bennett S, D'Alessandro U, Milligan P, Aikins M, Langerock P, Jawara M,
Greenwood B. (1996): Geographical perspectives on bednet use and malaria
transmission in the Gambia, West Africa. Soc Sci Med. 43: 101-112. DOI: 10.1016/0277-
9536(95)00346-0.
UNICEF, (2014), “Guidelines for the management of malaria in Cameroon”, Geneva.
World Health Organization (2002a): RBM Technical Support Network for ITNs; Scaling Up
Insecticide Treated Netting Progammes for Africa: A Strategic Framework for
Coordinating National Action. WHO. RBM, Geneva.
World Health Organization: world malaria report 2014.
http://www.who.int/malaria/publications/world_malaria_report_2014/wmr-2014-noprofiles.pdf [Accessed 7th December 2016]
Yadav R.S and Sharma V.P. (1997): Global experience on insecticide treated mosquito nets and
other materials for personal protection and control of vector borne disease. J.
parasitic, Dis., 21: 123-130
Published
2018-10-31
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